نمونه سوالات آزمون های کارشناسی ارشد حقوق متون حقوق به زبان (انگلیسی، فرانسه) سال 1403

Directions: Read the following five passages and answer the questions by choosing the best choice (1), (2), (3), or (4). Then mark the correct choice on your answer sheet. :Establishing the existence of a rule of law means establishing that it has a binding quality that is the raison d'etre of the attribution of the rule to a recognized source. If a feature. or a concept, of international law (to use neutral terms) is recognized not to have that binding quality, this may be for a number of reasons. First, the concept may belong to an area of law where there are regular practices, but it is established by general recognition that these are not matters of obligation: the standard example is that of the courtesies of diplomatic relations. Secondly, it may be that there is a standard practice, creating an expectation of consistent continuation, so that a potential custom is discernible, but either the practice is insufficiently general or not clearly enough established, or there is no clear evidence of the existence of opinio juris, so that no legal rule has come into existence. Thirdly, the matter may be one that, of its nature, or in its present stage of development, is not binding, in the sense that it does not involve enforceable rights and duties at all. An example perhaps currently the most clear example is the idea of sustainable development. This is an idea that is much bandied about in legal discourse and even in the context of potential conventions contexts: but it does not seem that this necessarily, or in fact, involves an assertion that there can be said to be a right of sustainable development, or an obligation to refrain from non-sustainable development, such that a custom to this effect could be said to exist in esse or in posse.

Directions: Read the following five passages and answer the questions by choosing the best choice (1), (2), (3), or (4). Then mark the correct choice on your answer sheet. :Establishing the existence of a rule of law means establishing that it has a binding quality that is the raison d'etre of the attribution of the rule to a recognized source. If a feature. or a concept, of international law (to use neutral terms) is recognized not to have that binding quality, this may be for a number of reasons. First, the concept may belong to an area of law where there are regular practices, but it is established by general recognition that these are not matters of obligation: the standard example is that of the courtesies of diplomatic relations. Secondly, it may be that there is a standard practice, creating an expectation of consistent continuation, so that a potential custom is discernible, but either the practice is insufficiently general or not clearly enough established, or there is no clear evidence of the existence of opinio juris, so that no legal rule has come into existence. Thirdly, the matter may be one that, of its nature, or in its present stage of development, is not binding, in the sense that it does not involve enforceable rights and duties at all. An example perhaps currently the most clear example is the idea of sustainable development. This is an idea that is much bandied about in legal discourse and even in the context of potential conventions contexts: but it does not seem that this necessarily, or in fact, involves an assertion that there can be said to be a right of sustainable development, or an obligation to refrain from non-sustainable development, such that a custom to this effect could be said to exist in esse or in posse.

Directions: Read the following five passages and answer the questions by choosing the best choice (1), (2), (3), or (4). Then mark the correct choice on your answer sheet. :Establishing the existence of a rule of law means establishing that it has a binding quality that is the raison d'etre of the attribution of the rule to a recognized source. If a feature. or a concept, of international law (to use neutral terms) is recognized not to have that binding quality, this may be for a number of reasons. First, the concept may belong to an area of law where there are regular practices, but it is established by general recognition that these are not matters of obligation: the standard example is that of the courtesies of diplomatic relations. Secondly, it may be that there is a standard practice, creating an expectation of consistent continuation, so that a potential custom is discernible, but either the practice is insufficiently general or not clearly enough established, or there is no clear evidence of the existence of opinio juris, so that no legal rule has come into existence. Thirdly, the matter may be one that, of its nature, or in its present stage of development, is not binding, in the sense that it does not involve enforceable rights and duties at all. An example perhaps currently the most clear example is the idea of sustainable development. This is an idea that is much bandied about in legal discourse and even in the context of potential conventions contexts: but it does not seem that this necessarily, or in fact, involves an assertion that there can be said to be a right of sustainable development, or an obligation to refrain from non-sustainable development, such that a custom to this effect could be said to exist in esse or in posse.

Directions: Read the following five passages and answer the questions by choosing the best choice (1), (2), (3), or (4). Then mark the correct choice on your answer sheet. :Establishing the existence of a rule of law means establishing that it has a binding quality that is the raison d'etre of the attribution of the rule to a recognized source. If a feature. or a concept, of international law (to use neutral terms) is recognized not to have that binding quality, this may be for a number of reasons. First, the concept may belong to an area of law where there are regular practices, but it is established by general recognition that these are not matters of obligation: the standard example is that of the courtesies of diplomatic relations. Secondly, it may be that there is a standard practice, creating an expectation of consistent continuation, so that a potential custom is discernible, but either the practice is insufficiently general or not clearly enough established, or there is no clear evidence of the existence of opinio juris, so that no legal rule has come into existence. Thirdly, the matter may be one that, of its nature, or in its present stage of development, is not binding, in the sense that it does not involve enforceable rights and duties at all. An example perhaps currently the most clear example is the idea of sustainable development. This is an idea that is much bandied about in legal discourse and even in the context of potential conventions contexts: but it does not seem that this necessarily, or in fact, involves an assertion that there can be said to be a right of sustainable development, or an obligation to refrain from non-sustainable development, such that a custom to this effect could be said to exist in esse or in posse.