نمونه سوالات آزمون های کارشناسی ارشد حقوق متون حقوق به زبان (انگلیسی، فرانسه) سال 1401

Directions: Read the following six passages and select the choice (1), (2), (3), or (4) that best answers each question. Then mark the correct choice on your answer sheet In a bilateral contract, where both parties have obligations to perform, questions may arise as to who is to perform first. This is primarily a question of construction of the contract, assisted by presumptions as to the normal rule for contracts of a particular kind. Often, it will not be a case of one party performing all his obligations first but rather of some obligations of one side having to be performed before related obligations of the other side. So in a contract of employment, the employer's obligation to pay wages will normally be dependent on the servants having completed a period of employment but his obligation to provide a safe system of work will arise from the start of the employment. It is often helpful to analyze this problem by using the language of conditions. In a contract between A and B, we may discover at least three possibilities: first, an undertaking by A is a condition precedent to an undertaking by B; secondly, undertakings by A and B may be concurrent conditions; or, finally, some undertakings by A and B may be independent. We may illustrate the first two possibilities by considering the obligations of buyer and seller as to delivery of the goods and payment of the price. Under the provisions of the Sale of Goods Act 1979, the obligations of the seller to deliver and of the buyer to pay the price are said to be prima facie concurrent, but in many cases the contract varies this rule. In many commercial contracts, the seller agrees to grant the buyer normal trade terms, for example, payment within thirty days of delivery of invoice. It is clear that in such a case the seller must deliver first and cannot demand payment on delivery. Conversely, in international sales, buyers often agree to pay by opening a banker's commercial credit, and here it is clear that the seller need take no steps until the buyer has arranged for the opening of a credit in conformity with the contract.

Directions: Read the following six passages and select the choice (1), (2), (3), or (4) that best answers each question. Then mark the correct choice on your answer sheet In a bilateral contract, where both parties have obligations to perform, questions may arise as to who is to perform first. This is primarily a question of construction of the contract, assisted by presumptions as to the normal rule for contracts of a particular kind. Often, it will not be a case of one party performing all his obligations first but rather of some obligations of one side having to be performed before related obligations of the other side. So in a contract of employment, the employer's obligation to pay wages will normally be dependent on the servants having completed a period of employment but his obligation to provide a safe system of work will arise from the start of the employment. It is often helpful to analyze this problem by using the language of conditions. In a contract between A and B, we may discover at least three possibilities: first, an undertaking by A is a condition precedent to an undertaking by B; secondly, undertakings by A and B may be concurrent conditions; or, finally, some undertakings by A and B may be independent. We may illustrate the first two possibilities by considering the obligations of buyer and seller as to delivery of the goods and payment of the price. Under the provisions of the Sale of Goods Act 1979, the obligations of the seller to deliver and of the buyer to pay the price are said to be prima facie concurrent, but in many cases the contract varies this rule. In many commercial contracts, the seller agrees to grant the buyer normal trade terms, for example, payment within thirty days of delivery of invoice. It is clear that in such a case the seller must deliver first and cannot demand payment on delivery. Conversely, in international sales, buyers often agree to pay by opening a banker's commercial credit, and here it is clear that the seller need take no steps until the buyer has arranged for the opening of a credit in conformity with the contract.

Directions: Read the following six passages and select the choice (1), (2), (3), or (4) that best answers each question. Then mark the correct choice on your answer sheet In a bilateral contract, where both parties have obligations to perform, questions may arise as to who is to perform first. This is primarily a question of construction of the contract, assisted by presumptions as to the normal rule for contracts of a particular kind. Often, it will not be a case of one party performing all his obligations first but rather of some obligations of one side having to be performed before related obligations of the other side. So in a contract of employment, the employer's obligation to pay wages will normally be dependent on the servants having completed a period of employment but his obligation to provide a safe system of work will arise from the start of the employment. It is often helpful to analyze this problem by using the language of conditions. In a contract between A and B, we may discover at least three possibilities: first, an undertaking by A is a condition precedent to an undertaking by B; secondly, undertakings by A and B may be concurrent conditions; or, finally, some undertakings by A and B may be independent. We may illustrate the first two possibilities by considering the obligations of buyer and seller as to delivery of the goods and payment of the price. Under the provisions of the Sale of Goods Act 1979, the obligations of the seller to deliver and of the buyer to pay the price are said to be prima facie concurrent, but in many cases the contract varies this rule. In many commercial contracts, the seller agrees to grant the buyer normal trade terms, for example, payment within thirty days of delivery of invoice. It is clear that in such a case the seller must deliver first and cannot demand payment on delivery. Conversely, in international sales, buyers often agree to pay by opening a banker's commercial credit, and here it is clear that the seller need take no steps until the buyer has arranged for the opening of a credit in conformity with the contract.

Directions: Read the following six passages and select the choice (1), (2), (3), or (4) that best answers each question. Then mark the correct choice on your answer sheet In a bilateral contract, where both parties have obligations to perform, questions may arise as to who is to perform first. This is primarily a question of construction of the contract, assisted by presumptions as to the normal rule for contracts of a particular kind. Often, it will not be a case of one party performing all his obligations first but rather of some obligations of one side having to be performed before related obligations of the other side. So in a contract of employment, the employer's obligation to pay wages will normally be dependent on the servants having completed a period of employment but his obligation to provide a safe system of work will arise from the start of the employment. It is often helpful to analyze this problem by using the language of conditions. In a contract between A and B, we may discover at least three possibilities: first, an undertaking by A is a condition precedent to an undertaking by B; secondly, undertakings by A and B may be concurrent conditions; or, finally, some undertakings by A and B may be independent. We may illustrate the first two possibilities by considering the obligations of buyer and seller as to delivery of the goods and payment of the price. Under the provisions of the Sale of Goods Act 1979, the obligations of the seller to deliver and of the buyer to pay the price are said to be prima facie concurrent, but in many cases the contract varies this rule. In many commercial contracts, the seller agrees to grant the buyer normal trade terms, for example, payment within thirty days of delivery of invoice. It is clear that in such a case the seller must deliver first and cannot demand payment on delivery. Conversely, in international sales, buyers often agree to pay by opening a banker's commercial credit, and here it is clear that the seller need take no steps until the buyer has arranged for the opening of a credit in conformity with the contract.