نمونه سوالات آزمون های کارشناسی ارشد مهندسی فناوری اطلاعات (IT) زبان عمومی و تخصصی (انگلیسی) امتحانات 94-86 - بخش (3)

The older aspect of the electronics revolution is concerned not with processing and storing information but with communicating it. The origins of modern communications technology- the radio of the Italian electrical engineer Guglielmo Marconi in 1896-coincided very closely in time with the beginnings of modern atomic physics, which was to transform Marconi`s invention in a way he could never have imagined Redio communication began and was developed commerically for over a decade without any engines, alternators, sparks, and arcs, together with a multitude of ingenious mechanical gadgets. World War I accelerated the shift to electron tubes and circuitry, diverging in the 1920s; into the cathode-ray that made television possible. After World War II, which stimulated the rapid development of still more advanced techniques for radar and communications purposes, the development of the transistor permitted a complexity of electronic ciruitry hitherto impractical with electron tubes. Developments using both electronics and photography have begun to supplant the mechanical printing techniques that had evolved in slow succession since about 1450. Gutenberg`s invention was a triumph of mass production, which neverthless created its own craftmanship. The industrialization of printing in the early 19 th century followed by the mechanization of type setting with the Linotype machine (1884) and its successors rendered craftsmanship (obsolete). These developments, together with the introduction of wood-pulp paper, made possible the enormous proliferation of printed matter that characterized the 20th century.