نمونه سوالات آزمون های کارشناسی ارشد علوم اجتماعی زبان عمومی و تخصصی (انگلیسی، فرانسه، آلمانی) امتحانات 94-86 - بخش (3)

Caste systems have been defined in the most general terms as systems of hierarchically ordered endogamous units in which membership is hereditary and permanent. On such a definition a whole range of rigidly stratified societies would be characterized by caste- Japan, for example, or certain Polynesian and East African societies, or the racially divided world of the American Deep South.Hindu India is generally taken as the paradigmatic example. Many scholars would argue, however, that the difference between this case and the others are far more significant than the similarities, and that the term `caste` should properly be applied only to this context. The morphology of the Hindu caste system can be described in terms of three key characteristics, all of which are religiously underpinned by the religious values of purity: (1) There is a hierarchy of castes which is theoretically based on their relative degree of purity. As the purest of all the Brahmans rank highest, and are in principle both distinct from and superior to the caste which actually wields politico-economic power. (2) Since the pure can only maintain their purity if there are impure castes to remove the pollution they inevitably incur by their involvement in the natural world, there is a division of labour between castes resulting in their interdependence. (3) Pollution is· contagious, and a caste must therefore restrict its contacts with inferiors in order to maintain its status. This separation takes many forms: a rule of endogamy precluding marital alliances with inferiors; restrictions on commensality; the outcasting of those who transgress the rules lest they pollute the rest of the group, and the phenomenon of untouchability debarring physical contact between `clean` and `polluted` groups.

Everyone brings some kind of power to the negotiating table. It`s easy to be awed -----1----- external sources of power and influence while --------2---------- such internal sources of yourown power -------3--------- yourself-esteem, self-knowledge and confidence -------4----------fast on your feel Power in a negotiation can be very dynamic. Be patient and your own store of internal power --------5--------- to your advantage.