نمونه سوالات آزمون های کارشناسی ارشد مجموعه روانشناسی 1 متون روان شناسی به انگلیسی امتحانات 94-86 - بخش (3)

Humanistic psychology tends to ignore social change research. Isaac Prilleltensky, a self­ described radical who champions community and feminist psychology, has argued for years that humanistic psychology inadvertently contributes to systemic injuctice. Further, it has been argued that the early incarnations of humanistic psychology lacked a cumulative empirical base, and the architects of the movement endorsed an "unembarrassed denial of human reciprocity and community." However, according to contemporary humanistic thinkers, humanistic psychology need not be understood to promote such ideas as narcissism, egotism, or selfishness. The association of humanistic discourse with narcissistic and overly optimistic worldviews is a misreading of humanistic theory. In their response to Seligman & Csikszentrmihalyi (2000), Bohart and Greening (2001) note that along with pieces on self­actualization and individual fulfillment, humanistic psychologists have also published papers on a wide range of social issues and topics, such as the promotion of international peace and understanding, awareness of the holocaust, the reduction of violence, and the promotion of social welfare and justice for all. The point that humanistic psychology Jacks an "empirical base" has tended to rely on restricted views of what constitutes "empirical," an uncritical adoption of natural science methods, and an outright neglect of Rogers` own empirical work. To the contrary, humanistic psychology has a long history of empirical research, including but not limited to the work of Maslow, Amedeo Giorgi and David Elkins. In fact , humanistic psychology research traces its origins all the way back to American psychology pioneer William James` masterpiece, "Varieties of Religious Experience".

Humanistic psychology includes several approaches to counseling and therapy. Among the earliest approaches we find the developmental theory of Abraham Maslow, emphazising a hierarchy of needs and motivations; the existential psychology of Rollo May acknowledging human choice and the tragic aspects of human existence; and the person-centered or client-centered therapy of Carl Rogers, which is centered on the client`s capacity for self-direction and understanding of his or her own development.Co-counseling, which is a purely self-help approach, is regarded as coming within humanistic psychology. Humanistic theory has had a strong influence on other forms of popular therapy, including Harvey Jackins` Re-evaluation Counseling and the work of Carl Rogers. Humanistic psychology tends to look beyond the medical model of psychology in order to open up a nonpathologizing view of the person. This usually implies that the therapist downplays the pathological aspects of a person`s. life.in favor of the healthy aspects. A key ingredient in this approach is the meeting between therapist and client and the possibilities for dialogue. The aim of much humanistic therapy is to help the client approach a stronger and healthier sense of self, also called self-actualization. All this is part of humanistic psychology`s motivation to be a science of human experince, focusing on the actual lived experience of persons.

Humanistic psychology includes several approaches to counseling and therapy. Among the earliest approaches we find the developmental theory of Abraham Maslow, emphazising a hierarchy of needs and motivations; the existential psychology of Rollo May acknowledging human choice and the tragic aspects of human existence; and the person-centered or client-centered therapy of Carl Rogers, which is centered on the client`s capacity for self-direction and understanding of his or her own development.Co-counseling, which is a purely self-help approach, is regarded as coming within humanistic psychology. Humanistic theory has had a strong influence on other forms of popular therapy, including Harvey Jackins` Re-evaluation Counseling and the work of Carl Rogers. Humanistic psychology tends to look beyond the medical model of psychology in order to open up a nonpathologizing view of the person. This usually implies that the therapist downplays the pathological aspects of a person`s. life.in favor of the healthy aspects. A key ingredient in this approach is the meeting between therapist and client and the possibilities for dialogue. The aim of much humanistic therapy is to help the client approach a stronger and healthier sense of self, also called self-actualization. All this is part of humanistic psychology`s motivation to be a science of human experince, focusing on the actual lived experience of persons.

Humanistic psychology includes several approaches to counseling and therapy. Among the earliest approaches we find the developmental theory of Abraham Maslow, emphazising a hierarchy of needs and motivations; the existential psychology of Rollo May acknowledging human choice and the tragic aspects of human existence; and the person-centered or client-centered therapy of Carl Rogers, which is centered on the client`s capacity for self-direction and understanding of his or her own development.Co-counseling, which is a purely self-help approach, is regarded as coming within humanistic psychology. Humanistic theory has had a strong influence on other forms of popular therapy, including Harvey Jackins` Re-evaluation Counseling and the work of Carl Rogers. Humanistic psychology tends to look beyond the medical model of psychology in order to open up a nonpathologizing view of the person. This usually implies that the therapist downplays the pathological aspects of a person`s. life.in favor of the healthy aspects. A key ingredient in this approach is the meeting between therapist and client and the possibilities for dialogue. The aim of much humanistic therapy is to help the client approach a stronger and healthier sense of self, also called self-actualization. All this is part of humanistic psychology`s motivation to be a science of human experince, focusing on the actual lived experience of persons.

Humanistic psychology includes several approaches to counseling and therapy. Among the earliest approaches we find the developmental theory of Abraham Maslow, emphazising a hierarchy of needs and motivations; the existential psychology of Rollo May acknowledging human choice and the tragic aspects of human existence; and the person-centered or client-centered therapy of Carl Rogers, which is centered on the client`s capacity for self-direction and understanding of his or her own development.Co-counseling, which is a purely self-help approach, is regarded as coming within humanistic psychology. Humanistic theory has had a strong influence on other forms of popular therapy, including Harvey Jackins` Re-evaluation Counseling and the work of Carl Rogers. Humanistic psychology tends to look beyond the medical model of psychology in order to open up a nonpathologizing view of the person. This usually implies that the therapist downplays the pathological aspects of a person`s. life.in favor of the healthy aspects. A key ingredient in this approach is the meeting between therapist and client and the possibilities for dialogue. The aim of much humanistic therapy is to help the client approach a stronger and healthier sense of self, also called self-actualization. All this is part of humanistic psychology`s motivation to be a science of human experince, focusing on the actual lived experience of persons.