آزمون های کارشناسی ارشد حقوق متون حقوق به زبان انگلیسی سال 1397

Directions: Read the following six passages and select the answer choice (1), (2), (3),or (4) that best answers each question. Then mark your answer on your answer sheet. Passage 1: Amendment needs always to be thought about seriously when drafting and negotiating a treaty; afterwards is just too late. Although amending a bilateral treaty causes no great technical difficulty, amending a multilateral treaty can raise a multitude of problems. It may have as many as 150 or more parties and be of unlimited duration. These factors lead to two basic problems. First, the process of agreeing amendments and then bringing them into force for all the parties can be even more difficult than negotiating and bringing into force the original treaty. Secondly, because of their long life, multilateral treaties are often in need of amendment.Before the Second World War, treaty amendment usually required unanimity. This is generally still the rule for the constituent treaties of regional international organizations like the Council of Europe and the European Union. But in other cases a practice has developed by which an amendment enters into force only for those parties willing to accept it. This means that the original treaty still remains in force (1) as between the parties that do not accept the amendments and (2) between those parties and the parties that do accept them. This results in a dual treaty regime. This highly unsatisfactory result is made much worse when there is a series of amending treaties.