نمونه سوالات آزمون های کارشناسی ارشد زیست شناسی دریا زبان عمومی و تخصصی امتحانات 94-86 - بخش (1)

Places like the Philippines have banned the use of cyanide in fishing practices, yet usage still continues. In addition to certification schemes, community-level enforcement (co-management) is practiced in certain areas. One example is the success story of Apo Island in the Philippines.Cooperation between local people and governmental agencies have been key in making co-management work. Marine Protected Areas have also been in use and conservation and preservation tactics, of which have only worked in isolated areas away from fishermen. Endeavors that rely on more environmentally aware methods are particularly influential in the United States because the U.S. imports 60% of the ornamental fish that go through the live fish trade, as well as 70-90% of the live coral, and upwards of 9So/o of the live rock used in aquariums. Furthermore, this trade is being recorded as increasing by 10-20% annually in the United States. The main source of organisms for the live marine aquarium trade comes from third world nations in southeast Asia, whose reefs make up 45% of the world`s total. The world Wildlife Fund`s Philippines President, Lory Tan, claims that the Philippines reef fish stock populations have declined by 90% in the last50 years. Some environmentalists suggest that 80% of southeast Asia`s reefs are "at risk of serious degradation in the nearfuture", The world Wildlife Fund has stated that the live aquarium fish trade, as currently practiced in Indonesia, the Philippines, New Guinea, and other countries where collection methods as blast and cyanide fishing are used, will prove ultimately unsustainable.Mortality rates prove to be a large problem in the aquarium trade because a majority of the fish caught, usually those caught using destructive fishing techniques, die in transportation and handling.