نمونه سوالات آزمون های کارشناسی ارشد ایران شناسی زبان عمومی و تخصصی (انگلیسی) امتحانات 94-86 - بخش (1)

The internal construction of the empire is closely associated with the name of one man, one of the most significant political architects of early Islam: Abu Ali Hassan ibn Ali Tussi (1018-1092),known by his name of honor, Nizam al-Mulk ("Order of the Empire"). The son of a Ghaznavid tax collector, he rapidly won high honors at the courts of Chaghri and Alp Arslan as a jurist and expert in administration. By 1060 he was already Alp Arslan`s vizier for Khorasan, but in 1063 became vizier of the Great Seljuk Empire, when his master took over supreme leadership. Under Malik- Shah he was able to further increase his personal power and establish the hegemony of his family in the political leadership of the empire. Nizam developed this office into the most important political institution: as head of the Great Divan, the empire`s government, he was, above all else, in charge of the finances and tax revenues accompanied the sultan on his military campaigns, and controlled all the religious and juridical matters of the empire. In his Siyasat-name (Book of statecraft), the most important political work of the early Islamic period, he set out the principles for efficient centralized government in a sober and pragmatic manner.